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Ever wondered about the hidden complexities of your feline friend’s heart? Cat cardiovascular health can reveal some astonishing intricacies, like the curious case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Fascinating how such a delicate engine keeps our furry companions ticking!
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_wolff_parkinson_white_syndrome
#CatHealth #FelineCardiology #CatCare
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_wolff_parkinson_white_syndrome
#CatHealth #FelineCardiology #CatCare
Ever wondered about the hidden complexities of your feline friend’s heart? Cat cardiovascular health can reveal some astonishing intricacies, like the curious case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Fascinating how such a delicate engine keeps our furry companions ticking!
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_wolff_parkinson_white_syndrome
#CatHealth #FelineCardiology #CatCare
%20--%20is%20transmitted%20to%20the%20ventricles%20(the%20heart's%20bottom%20two%20chambers)%20and%20then%20passes%20through%20the%20atrioventricular%20(AV)%20node%20into%20the%20AV%20bundle.%20Wolff-Parkinson-White%20Syndrome%20(WPW)%20is%20when%20ventricular%20pre-excitation%20occurs%20as%20impulses%20originating%20in%20the%20sinoatrial%20node%20or%20atrium%20activate%20a%20portion%20of%20the%20ventricles%20prematurely%20through%20an%20accessory%20pathway%20without%20going%20through%20the%20AV%20node,%20causing,%20among%20other%20things,%20an%20abnormally%20fast%20heart%20beat%20rhythm%20(supraventricular%20tachycardia).%20(The%20remainder%20of%20the%20ventricles%20is%20activated%20normally%20through%20the%20usual%20conduction%20system.)%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Fainting%20(syncope)%20Extremely%20rapid%20heart%20rate%20(approaching%20400%20to%20500%20beats%20per%20minute)Causes%20WPW%20syndrome%20can%20be%20associated%20with%20congenital%20or%20acquired%20heart%20defects.%20Congenital%20Heart%20Disease%20Congenital%20defect%20limited%20to%20the%20heart%20beat%5Cu2019s%20conduction%20system%20Hole%20in%20between%20the%20two%20atria%20(atrial%20septal%20defect)Acquired%20Heart%20Disease%20Hypertrophic%20cardiomyopathyDiagnosis%20You%20will%20need%20to%20give%20a%20thorough%20history%20of%20your%20cat's%20health%20to%20your%20veterinarian,%20including%20the%20onset%20and%20nature%20of%20the%20symptoms.%20He%20or%20she%20will%20then%20perform%20a%20complete%20physical%20examination%20as%20well%20as%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20biochemistry%20profile,%20urinalysis,%20and%20electrolyte%20panel%20--%20the%20results%20of%20which%20are%20typically%20normal.%20Echocardiography,%20meanwhile,%20may%20show%20structural%20heart%20disease%20often%20associated%20WPW%20syndrome.%20Treatment%20If%20your%20cat%20is%20suffering%20from%20ventricular%20pre-excitation%20but%20does%20not%20have%20tachycardia,%20no%20treatment%20is%20needed.%20However,%20those%20with%20WPW%20syndrome%20will%20require%20conversion%20by%20dirrect%20shock%20(the%20most%20effective%20treatment)%20or%20by%20ocular%20or%20carotid%20sinus%20pressure,%20or%20drugs.%20Catheter%20ablation%20with%20radiofrequency%20current%20is%20a%20relatively%20recent%20technique%20that%20allows%20accessory%20pathways%20to%20be%20destroyed%20or%20ablated%20by%20a%20transvenous%20catheter%20positioned%20at%20the%20site%20of%20the%20pathway%20in%20the%20heart.%20It%20may%20be%20recommended%20due%20to%20the%20alternative:%20a%20lifelong%20therapy%20of%20drugs.%20Living%20and%20Management%20The%20prognosis%20depends%20on%20the%20severity%20of%20the%20underlying%20cause.%20Most%20pets%20with%20WPW%20syndrome,%20however,%20respond%20well%20to%20therapy%20for%20supraventricular%20tachycardia.%22%7D){kind=spacer}
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,%20and%20the%20lower%20chambers%20are%20called%20the%20ventricles.%20An%20atrial%20wall%20tear%20involves%20a%20rupturing%20of%20the%20atrium%20wall,%20which%20occurs%20mainly%20in%20response%20to%20blunt%20trauma.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Atrial%20Wall%20Tear%20in%20Cats%20A%20cat%5Cu2019s%20heart%20can%20be%20divided%20into%20four%20chambers.%20The%20upper%20chambers%20are%20called%20the%20atria%20(singular:%20atrium),%20and%20the%20lower%20chambers%20are%20called%20the%20ventricles.%20An%20atrial%20wall%20tear%20involves%20a%20rupturing%20of%20the%20atrium%20wall,%20which%20occurs%20mainly%20in%20response%20to%20blunt%20trauma.%20As%20with%20other%20wounds,%20the%20protective%20mechanisms%20of%20the%20body%20take%20over%20and%20heal%20the%20tear,%20with%20resulting%20scar%20formation,%20but%20if%20the%20tear%20is%20significant,%20the%20injury%20can%20lead%20to%20sudden%20death,%20or%20at%20the%20least%20cause%20serious%20illness.%20Trauma%20of%20this%20type%20can%20occur%20in%20cats%20of%20any%20breed,%20age,%20size,%20or%20gender.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Sudden%20weakness%20Fainting%20Sudden%20death%20Rapid%20heart%20rate%20Ascites%20(abnormal%20collection%20of%20fluid%20in%20the%20abdomen)%20Difficult%20breathingCauses%20Blunt%20trauma%20to%20the%20thoracic%20cavity%20(chest)%20Neoplasm%20in%20the%20heart%20Other%20cardiac%20diseases%20may%20play%20some%20roleDiagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20thorough%20physical%20exam%20on%20your%20cat,%20taking%20into%20account%20the%20background%20history%20of%20symptoms%20and%20possible%20incidents%20that%20might%20have%20precipitated%20this%20condition.%20Standard%20test%20will%20be%20performed,%20including%20complete%20blood%20tests,%20a%20biochemical%20profile,%20and%20a%20urinalysis.%20However,%20these%20tests%20may%20not%20reveal%20much%20information%20for%20the%20diagnosis%20of%20this%20disease.%20For%20confirmation%20of%20an%20injury%20to%20the%20atrial%20wall,%20your%20veterinarian%20will%20use%20specific%20diagnostic%20procedures%20and%20tests.%20X-rays,%20ECGs,%20echocardiography,%20color%20Doppler%20studies,%20and%20other%20such%20techniques%20will%20reveal%20structural%20and%20functional%20abnormalities%20pertaining%20to%20the%20heart.%20Any%20defect%20in%20the%20atrial%20wall,%20or%20scar%20formation%20indicating%20a%20past%20injury%20may%20be%20visible%20using%20some%20of%20these%20techniques.%20Treatment%20Treatment%20will%20be%20directed%20toward%20overcoming%20any%20complications%20resulting%20from%20the%20atrial%20tear.%20If%20scar%20tissue%20has%20formed%20at%20the%20site%20of%20the%20tear,%20your%20cat%20may%20stabilize%20but%20chances%20for%20future%20complications%20may%20continue.%20Surgery%20to%20correct%20the%20defect%20may%20be%20advised%20for%20some%20patients,%20but%20the%20outcome%20is%20usually%20not%20rewarding.%20Strict%20cage%20rest%20will%20be%20advised%20in%20such%20patients%20to%20encourage%20healing%20and%20avoid%20further%20complications.%20Living%20and%20Management%20Unfortunately,%20the%20chances%20for%20long-term%20survival%20are%20very%20low%20in%20these%20patients%20even%20if%20the%20tear%20has%20sealed%20through%20scar%20formation.%20However,%20your%20cat%20may%20show%20significant%20improvement%20and%20may%20only%20need%20to%20be%20checked%20by%20your%20attending%20veterinarian%20on%20a%20regular%20basis%20for%20progress%20evaluations.%20Follow%20your%20veterinarian's%20guidelines%20regarding%20cage%20rest,%20diet,%20and%20other%20management%20issues.%22%7D){kind=logo}
%20in%20Cats%22,%22inLanguage%22:%22en-US%22,%22isFamilyFriendly%22:%22True%22,%22articleSection%22:%22Cardiovascular%22,%22thumbnailUrl%22:%22%22,%22image%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22ImageObject%22,%22url%22:%22%22%7D,%22author%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22Person%22,%22name%22:%22PetMD%20Editorial%22,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/author%5C/cecilia%22%7D,%22keywords%22:%22Cat,%20Condition,%20Cardiac%20health%22,%22publisher%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22Organization%22,%22name%22:%22PetMD%22,%22logo%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22ImageObject%22,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/images%5C/petmd_logo.png%22%7D,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%22%7D,%22mainEntityOfPage%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22WebPage%22,%22@id%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/cat%5C/conditions%5C/cardiovascular%5C/c_ct_patent_ductus_arteriosus%22%7D,%22datePublished%22:%222009-01-20T13:57:56-05:00%22,%22dateModified%22:%222022-08-24T14:46:21-04:00%22,%22description%22:%22Once%20a%20newborn%20has%20begun%20to%20breath%20on%20its%20own,%20the%20pulmonary%20artery%20opens%20to%20allow%20blood%20to%20flow%20from%20the%20right%20side%20heart%20into%20the%20lungs%20to%20be%20oxygenated,%20and%20the%20ductus%20arteriosus%20closes.%20But%20in%20patent%20ductus%20arteriosis%20(PDA)%20the%20connection%20remains%20patent.%20Consequently,%20blood%20is%20shunted%20(diverted)%20in%20abnormal%20patterns%20in%20the%20heart.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Patent%20Ductus%20Arteriosus%20in%20Cats%20The%20aorta%20is%20the%20main%20artery%20that%20feeds%20oxygenated%20blood%20from%20the%20left%20side%20of%20the%20heart%20to%20the%20body.%20The%20pulmonary%20(lung)%20artery%20carries%20deoxygenated%20blood%20to%20be%20oxygenated,%20traveling%20from%20the%20right%20side%20of%20the%20heart%20to%20the%20lungs.%20Once%20the%20blood%20has%20been%20oxygenated%20by%20the%20lungs,%20it%20then%20returns%20to%20the%20left%20side%20of%20the%20heart,%20through%20the%20pulmonary%20veins%20to%20be%20pumped%20out%20into%20the%20body%20by%20the%20aorta.%20In%20the%20womb,%20the%20fetus%5Cu2019%20descending%20aorta%20is%20connected%20to%20the%20pulmonary%20artery%20by%20the%20ductus%20arteriosus%20blood%20vessel,%20allowing%20blood%20to%20flow%20directly%20from%20the%20right%20side%20of%20the%20heart%20to%20the%20aorta,%20without%20stopping%20for%20oxygen%20in%20the%20lungs.%20This%20is%20because%20the%20fetus%20gets%20its%20oxygen%20from%20the%20mother's%20bloodstream%20and%20does%20not%20yet%20need%20to%20have%20its%20own%20blood%20oxygenated.%20Normally%20at%20birth,%20this%20connection%20is%20no%20longer%20patent%20(open).%20Once%20a%20newborn%20has%20begun%20to%20breath%20on%20its%20own,%20the%20pulmonary%20artery%20opens%20to%20allow%20blood%20to%20flow%20from%20the%20right%20side%20heart%20into%20the%20lungs%20to%20be%20oxygenated,%20and%20the%20ductus%20arteriosus%20closes.%20But%20in%20patent%20ductus%20arteriosis%20(PDA)%20the%20connection%20remains%20patent.%20Consequently,%20blood%20is%20shunted%20(diverted)%20in%20abnormal%20patterns%20in%20the%20heart.%20PDA%20allows%20blood%20to%20flow%20from%20the%20aorta%20into%20the%20pulmonary%20artery,%20and%20then%20to%20the%20lungs.%20If%20the%20shunt%20is%20moderate%20to%20large,%20it%20can%20cause%20left-sided%20congestive%20heart%20failure%20from%20blood%20volume%20overload%20on%20the%20left%20side%20of%20the%20heart.%20Less%20frequently,%20a%20large-diameter%20PDA%20will%20cause%20injury%20to%20the%20blood%20vessels%20in%20the%20lungs,%20from%20the%20excess%20amount%20of%20blood%20flowing%20into%20the%20lungs.%20High%20blood%20pressure%20in%20the%20lungs,%20and%20reversal%20of%20the%20shunt%20so%20that%20the%20blood%20goes%20from%20right%20to%20left%20(pulmonary%20artery%20to%20the%20aorta),%20as%20well%20as%20the%20typical%20PDA%20shunt%20direction%20of%20left%20to%20right%20(aorta%20to%20pulmonary%20artery)%20can%20be%20expected.%20This%20atypical%20right%20to%20left%20shunting%20of%20a%20PDA%20can%20cause%20the%20aorta%20to%20carry%20blood%20that%20is%20low%20in%20oxygen,%20sending%20a%20signal%20to%20the%20body%20to%20produce%20more%20red%20blood%20cells%20(since%20they%20carry%20oxygen),%20making%20the%20blood%20too%20thick.%20The%20condition%20or%20disease%20described%20in%20this%20medical%20article%20can%20affect%20both%20dogs%20and%20cats.%20If%20you%20would%20like%20to%20learn%20more%20about%20how%20this%20disease%20affects%20dogs%20please%20visit%20this%20page%20in%20the%20PetMD%20health%20library.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Respiratory%20(breathing)%20distress:%20Coughing%20Exercise%20intolerance%20Increased%20breathing%20rate%20Right%20to%20left%20shunting%20PDA:%20Hind%20legs%20are%20weak%20during%20exercise%20Blood%20is%20thicker%20than%20normal,%20causing:%20Arrhythmias%20(irregular%20heart%20beat)%20Right%20to%20left%20blood%20clot%20Pink,%20or%20bluish%20gums,%20and%20bluish%20skin%20around%20the%20anus%20or%20vulva%20Possibly%20left-sided%20congestive%20heart%20failure%20Rapid,%20irregular%20heart%20beat%20Stunted%20growthCauses%20Genetic%20predisposition%20(i.e.,%20birth%20defect)Diagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20thorough%20physical%20exam%20on%20your%20cat,%20including%20a%20chemical%20blood%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20a%20urinalysis%20and%20an%20electrolyte%20panel.%20You%20will%20need%20to%20give%20a%20thorough%20history%20of%20your%20pet's%20health%20leading%20up%20to%20the%20onset%20of%20symptoms.%20The%20level%20of%20oxygen%20in%20your%20pet's%20blood%20may%20also%20be%20tested,%20with%20samples%20taken%20from%20different%20locations%20for%20comparison.%20Visualization%20of%20the%20heart,%20using%20radiograph%20and%20ultrasound%20imaging,%20is%20very%20instrumental%20for%20an%20accurate%20diagnosis%20of%20PDA.%20Often%20what%20will%20be%20seen%20in%20an%20X-ray%20is%20left%20heart%20enlargement;%20right%20to%20left%20(%5Cu201creversed%5Cu201d)%20PDA%20will%20show%20a%20heart%20of%20normal%20size%20on%20an%20X-ray.%20Treatment%20The%20cat%20may%20be%20given%20oxygen%20therapy,%20nitrates,%20and%20cage%20rest.%20When%20your%20pet%20has%20regained%20stability,%20it%20will%20be%20scheduled%20for%20surgery%20as%20soon%20as%20possible.%20Cats%20with%20right%20to%20left%20shunting%20PDA%20should%20never%20have%20surgical%20correction.%20Living%20and%20Management%20Cats%20with%20a%20normal%20left%20to%20right%20PDA%20shunt%20can%20be%20treated%20normally%20after%20they%20have%20been%20allowed%20two%20weeks%20to%20recover%20from%20their%20surgical%20correction.%20Prevention%20Because%20this%20trait%20is%20genetically%20transmitted,%20cats%20that%20have%20had%20a%20PDA%20should%20not%20be%20bred.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20avoid%20this%20is%20to%20have%20your%20pet%20spayed%20or%20neutered,%20and%20to%20make%20sure%20that%20you%20know%20your%20cat's%20hereditary%20history.%22%7D){kind=spacer}
,%20has%20several%20causes,%20but%20in%20essence%20it%20reflects%20a%20greater%20amount%20of%20procoagulants%20than%20anticoagulants%20in%20the%20blood.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Hypercoagulability%20in%20Cats%20Blood%20platelets%20are%20minute,%20disc%20shaped%20cell%20fragments%20in%20the%20blood%20that%20are%20responsible%20for%20clotting%20the%20blood.%20Too%20many%20active%20platelets,%20or%20too%20few%20active%20platelets,%20can%20result%20in%20severe%20health%20disorders.%20One%20of%20these%20disorders,%20hypercoagulability%20(hyper-clotting),%20has%20several%20causes,%20but%20in%20essence%20it%20reflects%20a%20greater%20amount%20of%20procoagulants%20than%20anticoagulants%20in%20the%20blood.%20This%20means%20that%20the%20blood%20coagulates%20(clots)%20abnormally%20more%20than%20usual.%20One%20of%20the%20possible%20causes%20of%20hypercoagulability%20is%20when%20there%20are%20too%20many%20active%20platelets%20in%20the%20blood.%20The%20end%20result%20of%20hypercoagulability%20is%20an%20episode%20of%20thrombosis,%20where%20clots%20will%20get%20trapped%20in%20arteries,%20veins,%20or%20in%20the%20heart,%20causing%20a%20loss%20of%20blood%20to%20the%20areas%20these%20arteries%20feed.%20Hypercoagulability%20is%20usually%20secondary%20to%20an%20underlying%20disease.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20A%20blood%20clot%20that%20is%20blocking%20arteries%20in%20the%20lungs%20will%20present%20as%20severe%20breathing%20difficulties%20that%20come%20on%20suddenly.%20Rapid%20breathing,%20lack%20of%20energy,%20and%20possible%20fever%20are%20also%20be%20symptoms%20of%20an%20arterial%20blood%20clot.%20A%20blood%20clot%20blocking%20the%20aortic%20artery%20%5Cu2013%20the%20major%20artery%20from%20the%20heart%20to%20the%20body%20%5Cu2013%20will%20show%20as%20sudden%20weakness%20or%20paralysis,%20pain%20in%20the%20limbs,%20an%20absent%20or%20weak%20pulse%20in%20the%20arteries%20on%20the%20inside%20of%20the%20thigh,%20cold%20limbs,%20or%20blue-purple%20colored%20nails%20Causes%20Hypercoagulability%20onset%20may%20be%20due%20to%20blood%20platelets%20that%20are%20stickier%20than%20normal,%20resulting%20in%20too%20much%20clotting%20of%20blood%20cells;%20deficiencies%20in%20antithrombin,%20a%20natural%20anticoagulant%20that%20prevents%20clotting%20in%20the%20arteries%20and%20veins;%20decreased%20removal%20of%20coagulation%20factors%20-%20that%20is,%20not%20enough%20procoagulants%20are%20being%20removed,%20resulting%20in%20an%20abundance%20of%20coagulating%20factors;%20or,%20defective%20fibrinolysis.%20Fibrinolysis%20is%20the%20process%20where%20fibrin,%20the%20protein%20end%20product%20of%20blood%20coagulation,%20is%20dissolved,%20resulting%20in%20the%20removal%20of%20small%20blood%20clots%20from%20the%20bloodstream.%20Some%20of%20the%20other%20causes%20for%20this%20condition%20are:%20Protein-losing%20nephropathy:%20a%20condition%20which%20causes%20a%20loss%20of%20protein%20from%20the%20intestines%20so%20that%20anti-clotting%5C/anticoagulant%20proteins%20are%20lacking%20Immune-mediated%20hemolytic%20anemia:%20the%20abnormal%20breakdown%20of%20blood%20vessels%20Disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulopathy:%20a%20serious%20disease%20of%20the%20blood%20vessels,%20which%20is%20usually%20secondary%20to%20a%20life-threatening%20illness,%20or%20precipitated%20by%20a%20bacterial%20infection%20in%20the%20blood%20(sepsis)%20Inflammation%20of%20the%20pancreas%20Parasite%20infection:%20specifically%20with%20Dirofilaria,%20a%20genus%20of%20worms%20that%20includes%20the%20heartworm%20Under-functioning%20thyroid%20gland%20CancerDiagnosis%20Since%20hypercoagulability%20is%20usually%20the%20result%20of%20an%20underlying%20disease,%20your%20veterinarian%20will%20order%20tests%20for%20activated%20partial%20thromboplastin%20time%20(APTT)%20to%20measure%20how%20quickly%20your%20cat's%20blood%20is%20clotting,%20in%20addition%20to%20a%20blood%20chemical%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20and%20a%20comprehensive%20urinalysis.%20Chest%20x-rays%20will%20help%20to%20visualize%20abnormalities%20in%20the%20lungs,%20and%20an%20abdominal%20ultrasound%20may%20be%20used%20to%20further%20examine%20the%20body%20for%20an%20aortic%20artery%20blockage.%20An%20echocardiogram%20can%20also%20be%20used,%20for%20diagnosing%20blood%20clots%20in%20the%20heart,%20and%20for%20detecting%20high%20blood%20pressure%20in%20the%20lungs%20that%20may%20be%20present%20due%20to%20blood%20clots%20there.%20An%20examination%20using%20an%20injection%20of%20a%20radiopaque%20substance%20in%20order%20to%20view%20the%20blood%20vessels,%20called%20angiography,%20may%20also%20be%20necessary%20for%20confirming%20a%20blood%20clot.%20Another%20test,%20called%20nuclear%20perfusion%20scintigraphy,%20uses%20a%20radioactive%20tracer%20to%20illuminate%20the%20internal%20body,%20and%20is%20useful%20for%20noninvasively%20diagnosing%20blood%20clots%20in%20the%20lungs.%20Treatment%20If%20necessary,%20your%20veterinarian%20will%20hospitalize%20your%20cat%20for%20anticoagulant%20and%20fluid%20therapy.%20Your%20cat's%20activity%20will%20be%20severely%20restricted%20until%20the%20condition%20has%20reversed.%20Bed%20rest%20is%20essential%20when%20an%20animal%20has%20a%20blood%20clot%20blocking%20an%20artery,%20since%20physical%20activity%20can%20rush%20the%20clot%20into%20an%20essential%20supply%20organ%20or%20vein.%20For%20this%20reason,%20your%20cat%20will%20be%20placed%20on%20oxygen%20cage%20therapy%20if%20the%20blood%20clot%20is%20in%20the%20arteries%20or%20the%20lungs.%20If%20the%20underlying%20disease%20causing%20hypercoagulability%20cannot%20be%20resolved,%20subsequent%20clotting%20episodes%20will%20probably%20occur.%20If%20anticoagulant%20medicines%20are%20indicated,%20your%20veterinarian%20will%20decide%20how%20much,%20and%20how%20long%20to%20administer%20these%20medicines.%20The%20course%20of%20medication%20and%20therapy%20will%20be%20dependent%20on%20the%20amount%20of%20time%20it%20takes%20for%20your%20pet%5Cu2019s%20blood%20to%20clot%20after%20treatment.%20Living%20and%20Management%20You%20will%20need%20to%20schedule%20check-ups%20with%20your%20veterinarian%20to%20monitor%20your%20cat's%20prothrombin%20times%20(clotting%20times)%20twice%20a%20week%20following%20discharge%20from%20care.%20After%20that,%20your%20doctor%20will%20probably%20begin%20scheduling%20your%20cat%20for%20weekly%20check-ups%20over%20several%20weeks,%20until%20it%20is%20certain%20that%20the%20condition%20has%20been%20resolved.%20Once%20this%20stage%20has%20been%20reached,%20your%20cat%20can%20be%20seen%20once%20about%20every%20two%20months%20or%20more.%22%7D){kind=spacer}
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