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Ever wondered about the invisible complexities of a cat's heart? Discover the fascinating world of feline sinus arrest and sinoatrial block. Delve into the mysteries of these heart conditions and learn what they mean for our beloved companions. It's a startling reminder of the elegance and fragility embedded in every purr.
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_sinus_arrest_sinoatrial_block
#FelineHeartMysteries #CatHealthInsights #CuriousCats
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_sinus_arrest_sinoatrial_block
#FelineHeartMysteries #CatHealthInsights #CuriousCats
Ever wondered about the invisible complexities of a cat's heart? Discover the fascinating world of feline sinus arrest and sinoatrial block. Delve into the mysteries of these heart conditions and learn what they mean for our beloved companions. It's a startling reminder of the elegance and fragility embedded in every purr.
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_sinus_arrest_sinoatrial_block
#FelineHeartMysteries #CatHealthInsights #CuriousCats
,%20also%20called%20the%20sinus%20node,%20is%20the%20initiator%20of%20electrical%20impulses%20within%20the%20heart,%20triggering%20the%20heart%20to%20beat,%20or%20contract,%20by%20firing%20off%20electrical%20surges.%20Sinus%20arrest%20is%20a%20disorder%20of%20heart%20beat%20impulse%20formation%20caused%20by%20a%20slowing%20down%20or%20cessation%20of%20spontaneous%20sinus%20nodal%20automaticity%20%5Cu2013%20the%20automatic%20behavior%20of%20the%20tissues%20that%20set%20the%20pace%20for%20the%20heart's%20rhythm.%20It%20is%20the%20failure%20of%20the%20sinoatrial%20(SA)%20node%20to%20initiate%20an%20impulse%20at%20the%20expected%20time%20that%20leads%20to%20sinus%20arrest.%20Persistent%20sinus%20arrest%20that%20is%20not%20due%20to%20the%20use%20of%20a%20drug%20is%20often%20indicative%20of%20sick%20sinus%20syndrome%20(SSS)%20-%20a%20disorder%20of%20the%20heart%5Cu2019s%20electrical%20impulse%20formation%20within%20the%20sinus%20node.%20Sinoatrial%20block%20is%20a%20disorder%20of%20impulse%20conduction.%20This%20is%20when%20an%20impulse%20formed%20within%20the%20sinus%20node%20fails%20to%20be%20conducted%20through%20the%20atria%20(the%20interior%20of%20the%20heart),%20or%20when%20it%20does%20so%20with%20delay.%20Most%20commonly,%20the%20basic%20rhythm%20of%20the%20sinus%20node%20is%20not%20disturbed%20when%20the%20impulses%20fail%20to%20conduct%20properly.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Usually%20asymptomatic%20(without%20symptoms)%20Weakness%20Fainting%20Pale%20gums%20Very%20slow%20heart%20rate,%20may%20be%20possible%20to%20detectSinoatrial%20block%20is%20classified%20into%20first,%20second,%20and%20third-degree%20SA%20block%20(similar%20to%20degrees%20of%20atrioventricular%20%5BAV%5D%20block).%20It%20is%20difficult%20to%20diagnose%20first%20and%20third-degree%20SA%20block%20from%20an%20electrocardiogram%20(ECG)%20reading%20only.%20Second-degree%20SA%20block%20is%20the%20most%20common%20type%20of%20SA%20block,%20and%20the%20only%20degree%20that%20can%20be%20recognized%20on%20a%20surface%20ECG.%20In%20addition,%20there%20are%20two%20types%20of%20second-degree%20SA%20blocks:%20Mobitz%20type%20I%20(also%20called%20Wenckebach%20periodicity)%20and%20Mobitz%20type%20II.%20First-degree%20sinoatrial%20block%20Slowed%20conduction%20Second-degree%20sinoatrial%20block%20Failure%20to%20conduct%20is%20intermittent%20Two%20types%20of%20second-degree%20SA%20block%20occur:%20Mobitz%20type%20I%5C/Wenckebach%20periodicity%20%5Cu2013%20speed%20of%20conduction%20slows%20gradually%20until%20failure%20of%20impulses%20to%20reach%20the%20atria%20occurs%20Mobitz%20type%20II%20%5Cu2013%20block%20is%20all,%20or%20none,%20until%20complete%20conduction%20failure%20takes%20place%20The%20two%20types%20cannot%20be%20differentiated%20on%20a%20surface%20ECG%20Third-degree%20sinoatrial%20block%20Complete%20failure%20to%20conductCauses%20Physiologic%20Vagal%20stimulation%20(i.e.,%20stimulation%20of%20the%20vagus%20nerves%20of%20the%20pharynx),%20caused%20by%20coughing,%20and%20irritation%20of%20the%20pharynx%20(back%20of%20the%20mouth%5C/beginning%20of%20throat)%20High%20pressure%20in%20the%20eye,%20or%20carotid%20artery%20sinus%20(carries%20blood%20from%20the%20heart%20to%20the%20brain)%20Surgical%20manipulation%20Pathologic%20Degenerative%20heart%20disease:%20heart%20grows%20tougher%20and%20less%20flexible%20Dilatory%20heart%20disease:%20heart%20enlarges,%20and%20fails%20Sudden%20inflammation%20of%20the%20heart%20Cancer%20of%20the%20heart%20Sick%20sinus%20syndrome%20(SSS):%20intermittent%20rapid%20and%20slow%20supraventricular%20arrhythmias%20Irritation%20of%20vagus%20nerve,%20secondary%20to%20neck%20or%20chest%20cancer%20Electrolyte%20imbalance:%20abnormal%20levels%20of%20potassium%20in%20blood%20Drug%20toxicity%20(e.g.,%20digoxin)%20Diagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20complete%20physical%20exam%20on%20your%20cat,%20with%20a%20blood%20chemical%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20an%20electrolyte%20panel%20and%20a%20urinalysis.%20The%20electrolyte%20panel%20may%20show%20hyperkalemia,%20abnormal%20levels%20of%20potassium%20in%20the%20blood,%20which%20can%20lead%20to%20arrhythmias.%20You%20will%20need%20to%20give%20a%20thorough%20history%20of%20your%20cat's%20health,%20including%20a%20history%20of%20symptoms,%20and%20their%20onset.%20Thoracic%20(chest)%20x-rays%20and%5C/or%20a%20cardiac%20ultrasound%20imaging%20may%20be%20taken%20by%20your%20veterinarian%20to%20confirm%20or%20rule%20out%20heart%20disease%20and%20abnormal%20tissue%20growth%20(neoplasia).%20A%20provocative%20atropine%20response%20test%20may%20be%20done%20to%20assess%20sinus%20node%20function.%20This%20test%20uses%20the%20drug%20atropine%20to%20stimulate%20the%20firing%20action%20of%20the%20SA%20Node.%20Cats%20with%20SSS%20generally%20will%20have%20no%20response,%20or%20will%20have%20an%20incomplete%20response%20to%20the%20atropine.%20Treatment%20Most%20patients%20will%20be%20treated%20on%20an%20outpatient%20basis.%20Only%20patients%20showing%20clinical%20signs%20of%20illness%20should%20be%20hospitalized.%20Fluid%20therapy%20will%20be%20given%20to%20patients%20in%20need%20of%20it.%20Very%20ill%20patients%20that%20are%20not%20responding%20to%20medical%20therapy%20may%20require%20implantation%20of%20an%20artificial%20pacemaker,%20and%20will%20be%20hospitalized%20prior%20to%20surgery%20in%20preparation%20of%20it.%20If%20your%20pet%20becomes%20excessively%20weak,%20or%20is%20showing%20signs%20of%20losing%20consciousness,%20or%20fainting,%20it%20will%20need%20to%20have%20its%20activity%20restricted.%20Living%20and%20Management%20After%20care%20will%20be%20dependent%20on%20whether%20your%20cat%20has%20an%20underlying%20disease,%20along%20with%20the%20SA%20block.%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20schedule%20follow-up%20appointments%20as%20necessary,%20and%20an%20ECG%20reading%20will%20be%20done%20at%20each%20visit%20to%20follow%20your%20cat's%20progress.%20If%20your%20cat%20becomes%20weak,%20or%20loses%20consciousness,%20contact%20your%20veterinarian%20immediately%20for%20advisement.%22%7D){kind=logo}
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%20in%20Cats%22,%22inLanguage%22:%22en-US%22,%22isFamilyFriendly%22:%22True%22,%22articleSection%22:%22Digestive%22,%22thumbnailUrl%22:%22%22,%22image%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22ImageObject%22,%22url%22:%22%22%7D,%22author%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22Person%22,%22name%22:%22PetMD%20Editorial%22,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/author%5C/cecilia%22%7D,%22keywords%22:%22Cat,%20Conditon%22,%22publisher%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22Organization%22,%22name%22:%22PetMD%22,%22logo%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22ImageObject%22,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/images%5C/petmd_logo.png%22%7D,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%22%7D,%22mainEntityOfPage%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22WebPage%22,%22@id%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/cat%5C/conditions%5C/digestive%5C/c_ct_adenoma%22%7D,%22datePublished%22:%222009-01-12T11:29:13-05:00%22,%22dateModified%22:%222022-08-24T14:46:21-04:00%22,%22description%22:%22Adenoma%20is%20a%20gastrointestinal%20tumor%20which%20secretes%20peptide%20hormones%20--%20hormones%20that%20play%20a%20role%20in%20regulating%20metabolism,%20growth,%20development,%20and%20tissue%20function.%20In%20the%20long%20run,%20the%20tumor(s)%20can%20cause%20ulcers,%20damage%20the%20esophagus%20because%20of%20chronic%20reflux,%20and%20damage%20the%20lining%20of%20the%20intestines.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Apudoma%20in%20Cats%20Apudoma%20is%20a%20gastrointestinal%20tumor%20which%20secretes%20peptide%20hormones%20--%20hormones%20that%20play%20a%20role%20in%20regulating%20metabolism,%20growth,%20development,%20and%20tissue%20function.%20In%20the%20long%20run,%20the%20tumor(s)%20can%20cause%20ulcers,%20damage%20the%20esophagus%20because%20of%20chronic%20reflux,%20and%20damage%20the%20lining%20of%20the%20intestines.%20Symptoms%20Vomiting%20(sometimes%20with%20blood)%20Weight%20loss%20Loss%20of%20appetite%20(anorexia)%20Diarrhea%20Lethargy%20Fever%20Depression%20Excessive%20thirst%20Tarry-looking%20stools%20Bloody%20stools%20(red%20blood)%20Abdominal%20pain%20Causes%20The%20cause%20of%20apudoma%20is%20currently%20not%20known.%20Diagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20want%20to%20rule%20out%20the%20following%20diseases:%20Kidney%20failure%20Inflammatory%20gastritis%20Stress-induced%20ulceration%20Ulceration%20brought%20on%20by%20medication%20(e.g.,%20anti-inflammatory%20drugs%20or%20steroids)%20Uremia%20(condition%20which%20causes%20waste%20products%20to%20be%20retained%20in%20the%20blood)%20Other%20conditions%20associated%20with%20hyperacidity%20in%20the%20digestive%20tract%20and%20ulceration%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20then%20run%20blood%20tests%20and%20chemistry%20analysis%20to%20identify%20if%20your%20cat%20has%20iron-deficiency%20anemia%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20gastrointestinal%20bleeding.%20Other%20concerns%20may%20include%20inadequate%20protein%20in%20the%20blood%20stream%20and%20an%20electrolyte%20imbalance%20due%20to%20excessive%20vomiting.%20In%20addition,%20an%20ultrasound%20of%20the%20abdomen%20can%20be%20used%20to%20determine%20whether%20there%20is%20a%20tumor%20in%20your%20cat's%20pancreas,%20and%20an%20aspirate%20can%20be%20used%20to%20determine%20if%20there%20are%20an%20any%20masses%20present%20to%20test%20for%20mast%20cell%20disease.%20An%20endoscopy%20and%20biopsy%20of%20the%20upper%20digestive%20tract%20may%20also%20be%20recommended.%20Treatment%20Unfortunately,%20most%20apudoma%20tumors%20are%20cancerous%20(malignant)%20and%20by%20the%20time%20they%5Cu2019re%20discovered,%20it%5Cu2019s%20too%20late%20to%20treat%20them.%20However,%20aggressive%20medical%20management%20can%20sometimes%20relieve%20the%20symptoms%20and%20give%20your%20cat%20additional%20months%20(or%20even%20years)%20to%20live.%20Exploring%20a%20pancreatic%20mass%20surgically%20is%20important%20for%20diagnosis,%20but%20also%20for%20establishing%20a%20treatment%20regimen.%20Living%20and%20Management%20Your%20cat%20will%20need%20frequent%20physical%20examinations,%20as%20well%20as%20careful%20observation%20at%20home.%20Your%20veterinarian%20may%20also%20want%20to%20conduct%20X-rays%20and%20ultrasound%20exams%20from%20time%20to%20time%20to%20measure%20the%20progression%20of%20the%20disease%20and%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20the%20treatment.%20As%20there%20is%20no%20cure%20for%20the%20disease,%20the%20best%20you%20can%20hope%20for%20is%20to%20keep%20your%20pet%20comfortable%20and%20pain%20free%20for%20a%20few%20months%20or%20years.%20%22%7D){kind=logo}
%20is%20a%20malignant%20(aggressive)%20and%20metastasizing%20(spreading)%20cancer%20arising%20from%20the%20transitional%20epithelium%20%5Cu2013%20the%20highly%20stretchable%20lining%20of%20the%20urinary%20tract%20system%20%5Cu2013%20of%20the%20kidney,%20ureters%20(the%20tubes%20that%20carry%20fluid%20from%20the%20kidneys%20to%20the%20bladder),%20urinary%20bladder,%20urethra%20(the%20tube%20that%20carries%20urine%20from%20the%20bladder%20to%20the%20outside),%20prostate,%20or%20vagina.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Transitional%20Cell%20Carcinoma%20of%20the%20Renal,%20Bladder%20and%20Urethra%20in%20Cats%20Transitional%20cell%20carcinoma%20(TCC)%20is%20a%20malignant%20(aggressive)%20and%20metastasizing%20(spreading)%20cancer%20arising%20from%20the%20transitional%20epithelium%20%5Cu2013%20the%20highly%20stretchable%20lining%20of%20the%20urinary%20tract%20system%20%5Cu2013%20of%20the%20kidney,%20ureters%20(the%20tubes%20that%20carry%20fluid%20from%20the%20kidneys%20to%20the%20bladder),%20urinary%20bladder,%20urethra%20(the%20tube%20that%20carries%20urine%20from%20the%20bladder%20to%20the%20outside),%20prostate,%20or%20vagina.%20The%20underlying%20cause%20of%20TCC%20is%20unknown%20in%20cats.%20TCC%20occurs%20most%20commonly%20in%20female%20cats.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Straining%20to%20urinate%20Frequent%20urination%20of%20small%20amounts%20(pollakiuria)%20Blood%20in%20urine%20(hematuria)%20Difficulty%20urinating%20(dysuria)%20Wetting%20on%20the%20floor,%20furniture,%20bed,%20etc.%20(urinary%20incontinence)%20Causes%20Unknown%20Diagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20complete%20physical%20exam%20on%20your%20cat,%20into%20account%20the%20background%20history%20of%20symptoms%20and%20possible%20incidents%20that%20might%20have%20led%20to%20this%20condition.%20You%20will%20need%20to%20provide%20a%20thorough%20history%20of%20your%20cat's%20health%20leading%20up%20to%20the%20onset%20of%20symptoms.%20A%20complete%20blood%20profile%20will%20be%20conducted,%20including%20a%20chemical%20blood%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20a%20urinalysis%20and%20an%20electrolyte%20panel.%20Urine%20should%20also%20be%20sent%20for%20culture%20and%20sensitivity%20testing%20since%20a%20concurrent%20urinary%20tract%20infection%20is%20common.%20X-rays%20of%20the%20chest%20and%20abdomen%20should%20be%20taken%20to%20look%20for%20possible%20spread%20of%20the%20cancer.%20Intravenous%20pyelography,%20a%20procedure%20that%20is%20used%20to%20take%20an%20X-ray%20image%20of%20the%20urinary%20system,%20will%20be%20used%20to%20examine%20the%20urinary%20tract,%20bladder%20and%20kidneys.%20For%20this%20procedure,%20a%20contrasting%20dye%20will%20be%20injected%20into%20the%20bloodstream,%20to%20be%20picked%20up%20by%20the%20kidneys%20and%20passed%20through%20through%20the%20ureters,%20bladder%20and%20urethra.%20The%20contrasting%20dye%20is%20visible%20on%20the%20X-ray%20imaging%20so%20that%20the%20internal%20structures%20can%20be%20seen%20and%20determined%20to%20be%20functioning%20normally%20or%20abnormally.%20Other%20contrast%20dye%20procedures%20that%20can%20be%20used%20to%20image%20the%20urinary%20tract%20may%20be%20used,%20either%20instead%20of,%20or%20in%20addition%20to,%20a%20pyelography.%20They%20include%20a%20voiding%20urethrogram%20(x-rays%20of%20dyes%20as%20the%20patient%20urinates),%20or%20vaginogram%20(X-rays%20of%20dyes%20within%20the%20vagina).%20These%20latter%20X-ray%20techniques%20are%20indicated%20if%20urethral%20or%20vaginal%20disease%20is%20suspected.%20Double-contrast%20cystography%20is%20the%20best%20way%20to%20visualize%20the%20mass(es)%20which%20are%20normally%20located%20at%20the%20trigone%20of%20the%20urinary%20bladder%20(a%20smooth%20triangular%20area%20inside%20the%20bladder).%20For%20a%20definitive%20diagnosis,%20a%20biopsy%20of%20the%20mass%20is%20the%20gold%20standard.%20Biopsies%20may%20be%20obtained%20through%20traumatic%20catheterization%20(jamming%20a%20catheter%20into%20the%20masses),%20exploratory%20laparotomy%20(abdominal%20surgery),%20or%20cystoscopy%20(using%20a%20small%20camera%20with%20instruments%20attached).%20However,%20ultrasound-guided%20biopsy%20is%20not%20recommended,%20because%20this%20can%20easily%20cause%20further%20spreading%20of%20the%20cancer.%20Treatment%20TCC%20spreads%20very%20easily.%20There%20have%20been%20multiple%20reports%20of%20surgery%20causing%20the%20cancer%20spread.%20Tube%20placement%20into%20the%20bladder%20(through%20the%20urethra)%20may%20greatly%20prolong%20survival%20times%20by%20preventing%20urethral%20blockage.%20Radiotherapy%20(ionizing%20radiation,%20like%20the%20type%20X-rays%20give%20off)%20given%20during%20surgery%20is%20reported%20to%20result%20in%20longer%20survival%20times%20and%20better%20local%20control%20than%20chemotherapy.%20The%20potential%20side%20effects%20of%20radiotherapy%20during%20surgery%20are%20urinary%20bladder%20stricture%20and%20fibrosis%20with%20urinary%20incontinence.%20Antibiotics%20based%20on%20the%20culture%20and%20sensitivity%20results%20should%20be%20prescribed%20to%20resolve%20any%20concurrent%20urinary%20tract%20infections.%20Living%20and%20Management%20While%20a%20cure%20is%20not%20attainable,%20the%20severity%20and%20speed%20of%20spread%20of%20TCC%20disease%20can%20be%20slowed%20down%20and%20delayed.%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20schedule%20your%20cat%20for%20a%20contrast%20cystography%20or%20ultrasonography%20every%20six%20to%20eight%20weeks%20to%20see%20if%20treatment%20is%20effective%20and%20to%20screen%20for%20lymph%20node%20spread%20of%20TCC.%20Similarly,%20chest%20X-rays%20should%20be%20retaken%20every%20two%20to%20three%20months%20to%20detect%20any%20new%20cancer%20spread.%22%7D){kind=spacer}
,%20and%20the%20lower%20chambers%20are%20called%20the%20ventricles.%20An%20atrial%20wall%20tear%20involves%20a%20rupturing%20of%20the%20atrium%20wall,%20which%20occurs%20mainly%20in%20response%20to%20blunt%20trauma.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Atrial%20Wall%20Tear%20in%20Cats%20A%20cat%5Cu2019s%20heart%20can%20be%20divided%20into%20four%20chambers.%20The%20upper%20chambers%20are%20called%20the%20atria%20(singular:%20atrium),%20and%20the%20lower%20chambers%20are%20called%20the%20ventricles.%20An%20atrial%20wall%20tear%20involves%20a%20rupturing%20of%20the%20atrium%20wall,%20which%20occurs%20mainly%20in%20response%20to%20blunt%20trauma.%20As%20with%20other%20wounds,%20the%20protective%20mechanisms%20of%20the%20body%20take%20over%20and%20heal%20the%20tear,%20with%20resulting%20scar%20formation,%20but%20if%20the%20tear%20is%20significant,%20the%20injury%20can%20lead%20to%20sudden%20death,%20or%20at%20the%20least%20cause%20serious%20illness.%20Trauma%20of%20this%20type%20can%20occur%20in%20cats%20of%20any%20breed,%20age,%20size,%20or%20gender.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Sudden%20weakness%20Fainting%20Sudden%20death%20Rapid%20heart%20rate%20Ascites%20(abnormal%20collection%20of%20fluid%20in%20the%20abdomen)%20Difficult%20breathingCauses%20Blunt%20trauma%20to%20the%20thoracic%20cavity%20(chest)%20Neoplasm%20in%20the%20heart%20Other%20cardiac%20diseases%20may%20play%20some%20roleDiagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20thorough%20physical%20exam%20on%20your%20cat,%20taking%20into%20account%20the%20background%20history%20of%20symptoms%20and%20possible%20incidents%20that%20might%20have%20precipitated%20this%20condition.%20Standard%20test%20will%20be%20performed,%20including%20complete%20blood%20tests,%20a%20biochemical%20profile,%20and%20a%20urinalysis.%20However,%20these%20tests%20may%20not%20reveal%20much%20information%20for%20the%20diagnosis%20of%20this%20disease.%20For%20confirmation%20of%20an%20injury%20to%20the%20atrial%20wall,%20your%20veterinarian%20will%20use%20specific%20diagnostic%20procedures%20and%20tests.%20X-rays,%20ECGs,%20echocardiography,%20color%20Doppler%20studies,%20and%20other%20such%20techniques%20will%20reveal%20structural%20and%20functional%20abnormalities%20pertaining%20to%20the%20heart.%20Any%20defect%20in%20the%20atrial%20wall,%20or%20scar%20formation%20indicating%20a%20past%20injury%20may%20be%20visible%20using%20some%20of%20these%20techniques.%20Treatment%20Treatment%20will%20be%20directed%20toward%20overcoming%20any%20complications%20resulting%20from%20the%20atrial%20tear.%20If%20scar%20tissue%20has%20formed%20at%20the%20site%20of%20the%20tear,%20your%20cat%20may%20stabilize%20but%20chances%20for%20future%20complications%20may%20continue.%20Surgery%20to%20correct%20the%20defect%20may%20be%20advised%20for%20some%20patients,%20but%20the%20outcome%20is%20usually%20not%20rewarding.%20Strict%20cage%20rest%20will%20be%20advised%20in%20such%20patients%20to%20encourage%20healing%20and%20avoid%20further%20complications.%20Living%20and%20Management%20Unfortunately,%20the%20chances%20for%20long-term%20survival%20are%20very%20low%20in%20these%20patients%20even%20if%20the%20tear%20has%20sealed%20through%20scar%20formation.%20However,%20your%20cat%20may%20show%20significant%20improvement%20and%20may%20only%20need%20to%20be%20checked%20by%20your%20attending%20veterinarian%20on%20a%20regular%20basis%20for%20progress%20evaluations.%20Follow%20your%20veterinarian's%20guidelines%20regarding%20cage%20rest,%20diet,%20and%20other%20management%20issues.%22%7D){kind=logo}
%20is%20the%20same%20organism%20that%20causes%20equine%20protozoal%20meningitis.%20Cats%20that%20live%20around%20horses%20and%20other%20herbivores%20(cattle,%20swine,%20etc.)%20may%20serve%20as%20a%20reservoir%20for%20infection%20for%20these%20animals.%20Symptoms%20in%20infected%20cats%20are%20rare%20however.%20Sarcocystosis%20can%20occur%20in%20both%20dogs%20and%20cats.%20If%20you%20would%20like%20to%20learn%20how%20this%20type%20of%20infection%20affects%20dogs,%20please%20visit%20this%20page%20in%20the%20petMD%20health%20library.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Symptoms%20in%20cats%20are%20rarely%20seen%20but%20may%20include:%20Lack%20of%20appetite%20Weight%20loss%20Diarrhea,%20potentially%20bloody%20diarrhea%20Dehydration%20Depression%20ParalysisCauses%20A%20cat%20may%20be%20infected%20by%20eating%20raw%20meat%20contaminated%20with%20Sarcocystis%20organisms.%20Diagnosis%20Occasionally,%20Sarcocystis%20organisms%20can%20be%20seen%20in%20the%20feces%20on%20microscopic%20fecal%20examination.%20However,%20in%20most%20instances,%20diagnosis%20is%20accomplished%20by%20finding%20the%20organism%20on%20histopathology%20in%20tissues%20such%20as%20the%20lungs,%20liver,%20kidney,%20spleen,%20brain%20and%5C/or%20muscle.%20More%20specialized%20testing%20such%20as%20immunohistochemistry%20and%20PCR%20may%20be%20available%20at%20some%20research%20facilities%20but%20are%20not%20widely%20available%20outside%20of%20a%20research%20setting.%20Treatment%20No%20definitive%20treatment%20for%20sarcocystosis%20exists.%20Treatments%20such%20as%20clindamycin%20or%20sulfadiazine%20may%20be%20tried%20if%20sarcocystosis%20is%20suspected%20or%20diagnosed.%20Prevention%20Do%20not%20allow%20your%20cat%20to%20eat%20raw%20or%20uncooked%20meat.%22%7D){kind=logo}
%20fistula%20is%20generally%20a%20congenital%20based%20condition,%20which%20causes%20abnormal%20passages%20to%20develop%20between%20the%20proper%20liver%20(hepatic)%20arteries%20and%20the%20inner%20liver%20(intrahepatic)%20portal%20veins.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Arteriovenous%20Malformation%20of%20the%20Liver%20in%20Cats%20Intrahepatic%20arteriovenous%20(AV)%20fistula%20is%20generally%20a%20congenital%20based%20condition,%20which%20causes%20abnormal%20passages%20to%20develop%20between%20the%20proper%20liver%20(hepatic)%20arteries%20and%20the%20inner%20liver%20(intrahepatic)%20portal%20veins.%20It%20can%20also%20develop%20through%20surgical%20injury,%20trauma,%20and%20abnormal%20tissue%20or%20bone%20growth%20(neoplasia).%20Although%20this%20condition%20is%20uncommon%20in%20cats,%20it%20does%20occur.%20This%20severe%20illness%20can%20be%20addressed%20with%20fair%20results%20when%20a%20proper%20diagnosis%20has%20been%20settled%20on.%20Most%20treatment%20will%20be%20on%20an%20outpatient%20basis%20and%20will%20include%20a%20planned%20diet,%20dietary%20restrictions,%20and%20long%20term%20observation.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Cats%20suffering%20from%20AV%20fistula%20may%20show%20lethargy,%20anorexia,%20vomiting,%20diarrhea,%20weight%20loss,%20excessive%20thirst%20(polydipsia),%20dementia,%20and%20abdominal%20swelling.%20There%20are%20several%20other%20signs%20of%20AV%20fistula,%20such%20as:%20Ascites%20(fluid%20in%20the%20abdomen)%20Congenital%20heart%20malformations%20Hemorrhages%20Abnormal%20portal%20vein%20coagulation%20(thrombosis)%20Protein%20loss%20in%20the%20kidney%20(nephropathy)%20Intestinal%20abnormality%20(enteropathy)%20hypertension%20Liver%20disease,%20cirrhosis%20of%20liverThe%20central%20nervous%20system%20may%20also%20be%20affected%20by%20this%20condition.%20Symptoms%20can%20include:%20Distemper%20and%20other%20infectious%20disorders%20Lead%20poisoning,%20water%20on%20the%20brain%20(hydrocephalus)%20Idiopathic%20epilepsy%20Metabolic%20disorders%20Brain%20degeneration%20associated%20with%20liver%20failure%20(hepatic%20encephalopathy)Causes%20There%20is%20no%20particular%20breed%20that%20shows%20a%20higher%20predisposition%20than%20another.%20Hepatic%20AV%20is%20a%20vascular%20(vessel)%20malformation%20that%20is%20genetically%20determined%20during%20the%20embryonic%20stage%20of%20development%20-%20also%20referred%20to%20as%20embryologic%20anlage.%20Most%20conditions%20begin%20to%20show%20at%20an%20early%20age.%20In%20some%20cases%20of%20AV,%20surgical%20injury,%20trauma,%20or%20tumor%20growth%20(neoplasia)%20can%20lead%20to%20the%20problem.%20Diagnosis%20The%20disorder%20can%20be%20tested%20for%20by%20conducting%20a%20complete%20blood%20count%20(CBC),%20biochemistry,%20and%20urinalysis%20techniques,%20as%20well%20as%20coagulation%20tests,%20abdominal%20(peritoneal)%20fluid%20analysis,%20and%20an%20evaluation%20of%20bile%20acids%20(digestive%20secretion%20from%20the%20liver).%20X-rays,%20ultrasounds,%20liver%20biopsies,%20and%20explaratory%20laparotomies%20(incision%20into%20the%20abdominal%20wall)%20are%20other%20exams%20that%20may%20help%20to%20diagnose%20the%20liver%20malformation.%20Treatment%20While%20some%20cats%20will%20require%20surgical%20care,%20most%20can%20be%20treated%20at%20home%20with%20proper%20nursing%20care.%20Modifications%20to%20the%20diet%20will%20often%20include%20dietary%20restrictions%20on%20nitrogen%20and%20sodium.%20Hydration%20and%20electrolyte%20disturbances%20will%20also%20be%20addressed%20and%20treated.%20Drugs%20that%20rely%20on%20liver%20biotransformation%20should%20be%20avoided,%20along%20with%20any%20drugs%20that%20will%20react%20with%20GABA-benzodiazepine%20receptors%20(the%20transmitters%20that%20inhibit%20anxiety%20and%20over%20excitement).%20Veterinarians%20commonly%20prescribe%20histamines%20for%20blood%20pressure%20reduction,%20and%20diuretics%20(furosemides)%20to%20relieve%20excess%20fluid.%20Living%20and%20Management%20It%20will%20be%20important%20for%20your%20veterinarian%20to%20monitor%20your%20cat's%20biochemistry%20every%20few%20weeks,%20and%20then%20every%20few%20months%20following%20the%20initial%20treatment%20routines.%20Prognosis%20is%20fair%20when%20AV%20is%20properly%20treated,%20although%20your%20cat%20will%20require%20ongoing%20monitoring%20and%20treatment%20to%20address%20any%20related%20health%20issues%20that%20may%20arise.%20Prevention%20As%20the%20health%20issue%20is%20mostly%20congenital%20in%20nature,%20there%20are%20no%20preventative%20measures%20to%20consider.%22%7D){kind=spacer}
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