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If you've noticed your cat having urinary issues, xanthine stones might be worth looking into. This can affect their urinary health and usually requires veterinary advice to manage properly.
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/urinary/c_ct_xanthine_stones
#cathealth #veterinarycare
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/urinary/c_ct_xanthine_stones
#cathealth #veterinarycare
If you've noticed your cat having urinary issues, xanthine stones might be worth looking into. This can affect their urinary health and usually requires veterinary advice to manage properly.
https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/urinary/c_ct_xanthine_stones
#cathealth #veterinarycare
%20by%20the%20enzyme%20xanthine%20oxidase.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Xanthine%20Urolithiasis%20in%20Cats%20Xanthine%20is%20a%20natural%20by-product%20of%20purine%20metabolism,%20which%20is%20normally%20converted%20to%20uric%20acid%20(the%20waste%20product%20of%20proteins%20found%20in%20the%20blood)%20by%20the%20enzyme%20xanthine%20oxidase.%20Because%20xanthine%20is%20the%20least%20soluble%20of%20the%20purines%20excreted%20in%20urine,%20excessive%20amounts%20of%20xanthines%20in%20the%20urine%20may%20be%20associated%20with%20formation%20of%20xanthine%20uroliths%20(stones).%20Impairment%20of%20xanthine%20oxidase%20ultimately%20results%20in%20xanthines%20in%20the%20blood%20(hyperxanthinemia)%20and%20xanthines%20spilling%20over%20into%20the%20urine%20(xanthinuria).%20It%20may%20be%20naturally%20occurring,%20as%20with%20enzyme%20deficiency,%20or%20drug-induced%20(allopurinol).%20Xanthinuria%20can%20be%20a%20congenital%20or%20an%20acquired%20disease.%20A%20breed%20predisposition%20has%20not%20been%20identified%20in%20cats,%20but%20in%20naturally%20occurring%20xanthinuria,%20a%20familial%20or%20congenital%20defect%20in%20xanthine%20oxidase%20activity%20is%20likely.%20Consumption%20of%20high%20purine%20diets%20(high%20protein)%20increases%20the%20risk%20of%20xanthinuria%20in%20patients%20being%20treated%20with%20allopurinol.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Although%20some%20cats%20may%20not%20display%20any%20clinical%20symptoms%20(asymptomatic),%20most%20will%20exhibit%20such%20signs%20as:%20Mustard%20colored%20urine%20Bladder%20stones:%20Frequent%20urination%20(polyuria)%20Difficulty%20urinating%20Bloody%20urine%20(hematuria)%20Stones%20in%20the%20urethra:%20Frequent%20urination%20Difficulty%20urinating%20Bloody%20urine%20Urethra%20may%20be%20blocked%20Kidney%20stones%20(nephroliths):%20Asymptomatic%20Hydronephrosis%20%5Cu2013%20kidney%20is%20swollen%20with%20urine%20due%20to%20a%20blocked%20ureter%20(the%20tube%20leading%20to%20the%20bladder%20from%20the%20kidney)%20Kidney%20disease%20Causes%20Xanthines%20in%20the%20urine%20can%20lead%20to%20formation%20of%20stones%20May%20recur%20in%20cats%20not%20given%20preventative%20therapy%20Excessive%20allopurinol%20medication%20in%20combination%20with%20high%20purine%20diet%20Relation%20to%20urine%20chemistry:%20Acid%20urine%20pH%20Highly%20concentrated%20urine%20Incomplete%20and%20infrequent%20urination%20Diagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20thorough%20physical%20exam%20on%20your%20cat,%20taking%20into%20account%20the%20background%20history%20of%20symptoms%20and%20possible%20prior%20conditions%20that%20might%20have%20led%20to%20this%20condition.%20A%20complete%20blood%20profile%20will%20be%20conducted,%20including%20a%20chemical%20blood%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20a%20urinalysis%20and%20an%20electrolyte%20panel.%20The%20urinalysis%20will%20show%20xanthine%20crystals%20in%20the%20urine%20sediment.%20These%20crystals%20cannot%20be%20distinguished%20by%20light%20microscopy%20alone.%20For%20a%20precise%20diagnosis,%20the%20urine%20should%20be%20sent%20for%20infrared%20spectroscopy,%20which%20can%20be%20used%20to%20differentiate%20xanthine%20uroliths%20(urinary%20tract%20stones)%20from%20other%20types%20of%20uroliths.%20Also,%20high-pressure%20liquid%20chromatography%20of%20urine%20can%20be%20done%20to%20detect%20xanthine,%20hypoxanthine,%20and%20other%20purine%20metabolites.%20Ultrasonography,%20double-contrast%20cystography,%20and%20intravenous%20urography%20are%20some%20additonal%20diagnostic%20tools%20that%20can%20aid%20in%20detecting%20uroliths%20and%20the%20location%20they%20are%20originating%20from.%20Uroliths%20generally%20do%20not%20show%20up%20on%20normal%20X-rays.%20Xanthine%20uroliths%20in%20the%20urethra%20and%20bladder%20stones%20near%20the%20urethra%20may%20be%20detected%20by%20urethrocystoscopy,%20which%20uses%20a%20small%20flexible%20tube%20that%20is%20equipped%20with%20a%20camera%20and%20can%20be%20inserted%20into%20small%20spaces,%20in%20this%20case,%20the%20urethral%20passage.%20Small%20uroliths%20may%20be%20retrieved%20for%20analysis%20by%20removing%20fluid%20using%20a%20transurethral%20catheter,%20or%20using%20a%20method%20called%20voiding%20urohydropulsion.%20This%20latter%20method%20involves%20filling%20the%20bladder%20completely%20while%20the%20patient%20is%20anesthetized,%20and%20then%20emptying%20the%20bladder,%20after%20attempting%20to%20shake%20stones%20into%20the%20urethra,%20so%20that%20the%20stones%20can%20be%20collected.%20Treatment%20Voiding%20urohydropulsion%20is%20effective%20for%20removing%20the%20smaller%20xanthine%20uroliths%20that%20will%20easily%20pass%20through%20the%20urethra,%20but%20surgery%20is%20still%20the%20best%20way%20to%20remove%20larger%20uroliths%20from%20the%20lower%20urinary%20tract.%20Perineal%20urethrostomy%20surgery%20may%20minimize%20recurrent%20urethral%20obstruction%20in%20male%20cats,%20but%20this%20condition%20is%20known%20for%20recurring%20in%20many%20cats%20that%20have%20been%20affect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%20within%20the%20glomeruli.%20Moreoever,%20the%20disease%20affects%20both%20genders,%20but%20occurs%20in%20more%20often%20in%20males.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Symptoms%20may%20vary%20depending%20on%20the%20underlying%20cause,%20like%20inflammation,%20infection,%20or%20neoplasia.%20In%20some%20cats,%20the%20only%20presenting%20symptom%20may%20be%20weight%20loss%20and%20weakness.%20In%20fact,%20many%20times,%20the%20condition%20is%20discovered%20incidental%20to%20a%20routine%20annual%20health%20screening,%20when%20increased%20concentrations%20of%20proteins%20are%20found%20in%20the%20urine.%20If%20the%20protein%20loss%20into%20the%20urine%20is%20severe,%20the%20cat%20may%20develop%20an%20abnormal%20collection%20of%20fluid%20in%20the%20abdominal%20cavity%20(ascites).%20In%20cats%20suffering%20from%20advanced%20disease%20with%20kidney%20failure,%20there%20may%20be%20symptoms%20of%20increased%20thirst%20and%20frequency%20of%20urination,%20lack%20of%20appetite,%20nausea,%20and%20vomiting.%20Those%20with%20a%20severe%20deficiency%20of%20the%20blood%20protein%20albumin%20(hypoalbuminemia),%20may%20suffer%20from%20a%20blockage%20of%20the%20lung's%20blood%20vessels,%20which%20causes%20respiratory%20difficulties%20or%20severe%20panting.%20High%20blood%20pressure,%20meanwhile,%20may%20cause%20sudden%20blindness.%20Causes%20Inflammation%20Infections%20Idiopathic%20(unknown)%20Neoplasia%20(growth%20of%20tissue,%20tumor)%20Diabetes%20mellitus%20Long-term%20use%20of%20certain%20drugs%20Diagnosis%20You%20will%20need%20to%20give%20a%20thorough%20history%20of%20your%20cat's%20health,%20onset%20of%20symptoms,%20and%20possible%20incidents%20that%20might%20have%20led%20to%20this%20condition.%20A%20complete%20blood%20profile%20will%20be%20conducted,%20including%20a%20chemical%20blood%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20and%20a%20urinalysis.%20The%20results%20of%20the%20complete%20blood%20count%20test%20are%20usually%20not%20significant.%20In%20severe%20cases,%20the%20biochemistry%20profile%20may%20reveal%20abnormally%20low%20levels%20of%20blood%20protein%20albumin%20(hypoalbuminemia)%20and%20high%20levels%20of%20cholesterol%20in%20the%20blood%20(hypercholesterolemia).%20The%20presence%20of%20blood%20protein%20albumin%20and%20other%20proteins%20in%20the%20blood%20may%20help%20your%20veterinarian%20in%20making%20the%20initial%20diagnosis.%20In%20cats%20with%20kidney%20failure,%20the%20urinalysis%20will%20reveal%20corresponding%20changes%20in%20urine.%20Creatinine%20is%20a%20waste%20product%20normally%20excreted%20by%20the%20kidneys,%20and%20its%20presence%20in%20the%20urine%20is%20measured%20as%20a%20diagnostic%20indicator%20of%20kidney%20function.%20Urine%20protein%20testing%20is%20also%20performed,%20as%20the%20amount%20of%20protein%20found%20in%20the%20urine%20can%20also%20be%20used%20to%20evaluate%20and%20monitor%20kidney%20function.%20A%20more%20specific%20test%20calculates%20the%20urine%20protein%20and%20creatinine%20ratio%20in%20order%20to%20give%20your%20veterinarian%20an%20idea%20of%20the%20degree%20of%20kidney%20damage.%20The%20extent%20of%20protein%20loss%20in%20the%20urine%20roughly%20correlates%20with%20the%20severity%20of%20the%20kidney%20disease.%20Therefore,%20measuring%20protein%20and%20creatinine%20ratio%20also%20helps%20in%20assessing%20treatment%20response%20and%20progression%20or%20regression%20of%20disease.%20Diagnostic%20imaging%20can%20also%20be%20used%20for%20determining%20how%20diseased%20your%20cat's%20condition%20is,%20and%20what%20treatment%20needs%20to%20be%20applied.%20These%20procedures%20are%20helpful%20in%20the%20diagnosis%20of%20concurrent%20diseases%20and%20in%20evaluating%20the%20kidney%20size.%20Abdominal%20X-rays%20and%20ultrasound%20can%20be%20used%20to%20evaluate%20the%20kidneys%20and%20other%20abdominal%20organs,%20and%20can%20be%20helpful%20in%20performing%20a%20less%20invasive%20type%20of%20tissue%20collection%20for%20biopsy%20purposes.%20Your%20veterinarian%20may%20take%20a%20kidney%20tissue%20sample%20(kidney%20biopsy)%20to%20rule%20other%20causes%20of%20kidney%20failure,%20such%20as%20neoplasia%20or%20cancer.%20Treatment%20As%20most%20cases%20of%20glomerulonephritis%20involve%20an%20immune%20reaction%20(interaction%20of%20antigen%20and%20antibodies),%20the%20most%20specific%20and%20effective%20therapy%20is%20the%20control%20and%20elimination%20of%20such%20an%20immune%20reaction.%20However,%20finding%20and%20treating%20the%20exact%20disease%20process%20or%20antigen%20that%20is%20causing%20such%20an%20immune%20reactions%20is%20not%20always%20possible.%20Moreover,%20once%20renal%20failure%20has%20developed,%20the%20prognosis%20is%20often%20poor.%20The%20overall%20treatment%20of%20this%20disease%20depends%20on%20the%20cause%20and%20severity%20of%20the%20disease%20at%20the%20time%20of%20diagnosis.%20Living%20and%20Management%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20recommend%20an%20individualized%20diet%20plan%20for%20your%20cat%20that%20is%20tailored%20toward%20kidney%20health.%20These%20patients%20often%20require%20low%20sodium%20and%20high%20quality,%20low%20quantity,%20protein%20diets.%20Because%20most%20drugs%20are%20eliminated%20through%20the%20kidneys,%20do%20not%20give%20your%20cat%20any%20types%20of%20drugs,%20or%20change%20the%20dosage%20of%20any%20prescribed%20drugs%20without%20consulting%20your%20veterinarian%20beforehand.%20In%20follow-up%20visits,%20your%20veterinarian%20will%20need%20to%20conduct%20regular%20laboratory%20testing%20in%20order%20to%20monitor%20the%20therapy%20response%20and%20progression%20of%20the%20disease,%20adjusting%20medications%20and%20therapies%20as%20necessary.%20%22%7D){kind=logo}
%20levels%20are%20found%20in%20the%20blood.%20Bicarbonate%20serves%20to%20maintain%20the%20delicate%20balance%20of%20acid%20and%20alkali%20in%20the%20blood,%20also%20known%20as%20the%20pH%20balance,%20which%20is%20chiefly%20maintained%20by%20the%20lungs%20and%20kidneys.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Metabolic%20Alkalosis%20in%20Cats%20Metabolic%20alkalosis%20in%20cats%20occurs%20when%20higher%20than%20normal%20bicarbonate%20(HCO3)%20levels%20are%20found%20in%20the%20blood.%20Bicarbonate%20serves%20to%20maintain%20the%20delicate%20balance%20of%20acid%20and%20alkali%20in%20the%20blood,%20also%20known%20as%20the%20pH%20balance,%20which%20is%20chiefly%20maintained%20by%20the%20lungs%20and%20kidneys.%20Diseases%20affecting%20the%20kidney%20and%20gastrointestinal%20tract%20functions%20are%20usually%20involved%20in%20the%20disruption%20of%20the%20acid%20and%20alkali%20balance%20in%20the%20blood.%20Though%20it%20must%20be%20pointed%20out%20that%20metabolic%20alkalosis%20is%20a%20secondary%20phenomenon%20and%20some%20other%20underlying%20disease%20is%20usually%20responsible%20for%20this%20problem.%20Metabolic%20alkalosis%20can%20occur%20in%20cats%20of%20any%20breed,%20age%20or%20gender.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Symptoms%20are%20generally%20related%20to%20the%20underlying%20cause%20of%20the%20metabolic%20alkalosis.%20The%20general%20symptoms%20related%20to%20metabolic%20alkalosis%20include:%20Weakness%20Irregular%20heartbeats%20Ileus%20(complete%20arrest%20of%20intestinal%20movements)%20Muscle%20twitching%20Dehydration%20Seizures%20(rare)Causes%20Vomiting%20Oral%20administration%20of%20alkali,%20like%20bicarbonate%20Administration%20of%20drugs%20which%20increase%20urine%20outflow%20resulting%20in%20loss%20of%20more%20acid%20Hypoalbuminemia%20(decreased%20level%20of%20albumin%20-%20a%20protein%20in%20the%20blood)%20Diseases%20that%20affect%20secretion%20of%20bicarbonate%20through%20the%20kidneys,%20resulting%20in%20retention%20of%20more%20alkali%20than%20normally%20requiredDiagnosis%20After%20taking%20a%20complete%20history%20of%20your%20cat's%20health,%20including%20a%20time%20line%20of%20how%20and%20when%20the%20symptoms%20began,%20your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20physical%20examination%20on%20your%20cat.%20The%20next%20step%20will%20be%20to%20perform%20laboratory%20testing%20to%20check%20the%20levels%20of%20acid%20and%20alkali%20in%20the%20different%20body%20fluids.%20A%20complete%20blood%20profile%20will%20be%20conducted,%20including%20a%20chemical%20blood%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20and%20a%20urinalysis.%20Blood%20gas%20analysis%20is%20also%20very%20useful%20in%20the%20diagnosis%20of%20metabolic%20alkalosis.%20The%20laboratory%20testing%20usually%20provides%20sufficient%20information%20for%20your%20veterinarian%20to%20be%20able%20to%20confirm%20a%20diagnosis.%20Treatment%20Metabolic%20alkalosis%20does%20not%20occur%20independently,%20but%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20underlying%20cause%20that%20is%20responsible%20for%20the%20increase%20of%20alkali%20in%20the%20blood.%20Therefore,%20treatment%20of%20the%20underlying%20cause%20is%20of%20primary%20importance%20in%20correcting%20and%20further%20preventing%20complications%20of%20the%20metabolic%20alkalosis.%20In%20cats%20of%20severe,%20life-threatening%20metabolic%20alkalosis,%20emergency%20treatment%20is%20usually%20required.%20Drugs%20which%20may%20aggravate%20already%20existing%20metabolic%20alkalosis%20will%20be%20stopped.%20If%20there%20is%20vomiting,%20this%20will%20need%20to%20be%20treated,%20as%20it%20is%20one%20of%20the%20major%20factors%20in%20the%20development%20of%20metabolic%20alkalosis.%20Laboratory%20testing%20may%20need%20to%20be%20repeated%20to%20ensure%20that%20a%20complete%20recovery%20has%20been%20achieved,%20or%20whether%20further%20treatment%20is%20still%20required.%20Living%20and%20Management%20After%20returning%20from%20hospital,%20observe%20your%20cat%20closely%20for%20a%20few%20days.%20If%20vomiting%20should%20start%20again,%20or%20any%20other%20abnormality%20is%20observed,%20call%20your%20veterinarian%20immediately.%22%7D){kind=logo}
%20in%20Dogs%22,%22inLanguage%22:%22en-US%22,%22isFamilyFriendly%22:%22True%22,%22articleSection%22:%22Cardiovascular%22,%22thumbnailUrl%22:%22%22,%22image%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22ImageObject%22,%22url%22:%22%22%7D,%22author%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22Person%22,%22name%22:%22PetMD%20Editorial%22,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/author%5C/monica%22%7D,%22keywords%22:%22Dog,%20Condition,%20Cardiac%20health%22,%22publisher%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22Organization%22,%22name%22:%22PetMD%22,%22logo%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22ImageObject%22,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/images%5C/petmd_logo.png%22%7D,%22url%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%22%7D,%22mainEntityOfPage%22:%7B%22@type%22:%22WebPage%22,%22@id%22:%22https:%5C/%5C/www.petmd.com%5C/dog%5C/conditions%5C/cardiovascular%5C/c_dg_atrial_septal_defect%22%7D,%22datePublished%22:%222010-05-19T12:51:48-04:00%22,%22dateModified%22:%222022-08-16T09:26:57-04:00%22,%22description%22:%22Atrial%20septal%20defect%20(ASD)%20is%20a%20congenital%20heart%20anomaly%20that%20enables%20blood%20flow%20between%20the%20left%20and%20right%20atria%20via%20the%20interatrial%20septum%20(the%20separating%20wall).%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Atrial%20Septal%20Defect%20in%20Dogs%20Atrial%20septal%20defect%20(ASD)%20is%20a%20congenital%20heart%20anomaly%20that%20enables%20blood%20flow%20between%20the%20left%20and%20right%20atria%20via%20the%20interatrial%20septum%20(the%20separating%20wall).%20Typically,%20the%20blood%20will%20shunt%20into%20the%20right%20atrium,%20causing%20a%20volume%20overload%20to%20the%20right%20atrium,%20right%20ventricle,%20and%20pulmonary%20vasculature,%20which%20can%20sometimes%20lead%20to%20pulmonary%20hypertension.%20However,%20if%20right-sided%20pressures%20are%20too%20high,%20shunting%20may%20occur%20right%20to%20left,%20causing%20generalized%20cyanosis.%20ASD%20is%20more%20common%20in%20cats%20(9%20percent%20of%20congenital%20heart%20defects)%20than%20dogs%20(0.7%20percent),%20though%20a%20recent%20study%20from%20France%20suggests%20a%20higher%20incidence,%20with%20ASD%20accounting%20for%2037.7%20percent%20of%20congenital%20cardiac%20defects%20in%20pooled%20data%20from%20dogs%20and%20cats.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20ASD%20occurs%20in%20one%20of%20three%20locations:%20lower%20atrial%20septum%20(ostium%20primum%20defect,%20which%20is%20the%20most%20common),%20near%20the%20fossa%20ovalis%20(ostium%20secundum%20defect),%20or%20craniodorsal%20to%20the%20fossa%20ovalis%20(sinus%20venous%20defect).%20Common%20signs%20associated%20with%20ASD%20include:%20Exercise%20intolerance%20Fainting%5C/loss%20of%20consciousness%20(syncope)%20Trouble%20breathing%20(dyspnea)%20Coughing%20Heart%20murmur%20Bluish%20skin%20(cyanosis)%20Fluid%20buildup%20in%20the%20abdomen%20(ascites)%20if%20right-sided%20heart%20failure%20developsCauses%20The%20underlying%20cause%20of%20atrial%20septal%20defect%20is%20currently%20unknown.%20Diagnosis%20You%20will%20need%20to%20give%20a%20thorough%20history%20of%20your%20dog%5Cu2019s%20health,%20including%20the%20onset%20and%20nature%20of%20the%20symptoms,%20to%20the%20veterinarian.%20He%20or%20she%20will%20then%20perform%20a%20complete%20physical%20examination%20as%20well%20as%20a%20biochemistry%20profile,%20urinalysis,%20complete%20blood%20count,%20and%20electrolyte%20panel.%20X-rays%20and%20electrocardiograms%20will%20typically%20show%20right-sided%20heart%20and%20lung%20vessel%20enlargement%20in%20patients%20with%20large%20defects,%20while%20an%20echocardiogram%20may%20reveal%20right%20atrial%20and%20right%20ventricular%20dilation%20and%20the%20actual%20hole%20(a%20septal%20dropout).%20Arrhythmias%20and%20intraventricular%20conduction%20disturbances%20may%20also%20be%20visible%20using%20these%20diagnostic%20procedures.%20To%20document%20the%20blood%20flow%20through%20the%20hole%20and%20high%20ejection%20velocity%20through%20the%20pulmonary%20artery,%20doppler%20echocardiography%20is%20useful.%20Treatment%20Dogs%20with%20congestive%20heart%20failure%20should%20be%20hospitalized%20until%20they%20are%20stable.%20Open%20heart%20surgery%20may%20be%20necessary%20to%20repair%20the%20defect,%20but%20this%20is%20often%20very%20expensive.%20Consult%20with%20your%20veterinarian%20the%20best%20and%20most%20affordable%20course%20of%20treatment%20for%20you%20and%20your%20pet.%20For%20some%20secundum-type%20defects,%20an%20amplatzer%20device%20may%20be%20implanted%20to%20close%20the%20hole.%20Living%20and%20Management%20The%20prognosis%20in%20dogs%20with%20ASD%20depends%20on%20the%20size%20of%20the%20defect%20and%20coexisting%20abnormalities,%20though%20it%20is%20often%20guarded%20to%20poor.%20Small,%20isolated%20defects,%20for%20example,%20are%20unlikely%20to%20progress,%20while%20primum-type%20defects%20are%20typically%20larger%20with%20a%20worse%20prognosis.%22%7D){kind=logo}
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