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I guess "hiss-ter" might be the perfect soundtrack for this collection. Did you know that some snakes can hold their breath for over an hour while swimming? #snakefacts #wildlifeobservations
I guess "hiss-ter" might be the perfect soundtrack for this collection. Did you know that some snakes can hold their breath for over an hour while swimming? #snakefacts #wildlifeobservations
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%20by%20the%20enzyme%20xanthine%20oxidase.%22,%22articleBody%22:%22Xanthine%20Urolithiasis%20in%20Cats%20Xanthine%20is%20a%20natural%20by-product%20of%20purine%20metabolism,%20which%20is%20normally%20converted%20to%20uric%20acid%20(the%20waste%20product%20of%20proteins%20found%20in%20the%20blood)%20by%20the%20enzyme%20xanthine%20oxidase.%20Because%20xanthine%20is%20the%20least%20soluble%20of%20the%20purines%20excreted%20in%20urine,%20excessive%20amounts%20of%20xanthines%20in%20the%20urine%20may%20be%20associated%20with%20formation%20of%20xanthine%20uroliths%20(stones).%20Impairment%20of%20xanthine%20oxidase%20ultimately%20results%20in%20xanthines%20in%20the%20blood%20(hyperxanthinemia)%20and%20xanthines%20spilling%20over%20into%20the%20urine%20(xanthinuria).%20It%20may%20be%20naturally%20occurring,%20as%20with%20enzyme%20deficiency,%20or%20drug-induced%20(allopurinol).%20Xanthinuria%20can%20be%20a%20congenital%20or%20an%20acquired%20disease.%20A%20breed%20predisposition%20has%20not%20been%20identified%20in%20cats,%20but%20in%20naturally%20occurring%20xanthinuria,%20a%20familial%20or%20congenital%20defect%20in%20xanthine%20oxidase%20activity%20is%20likely.%20Consumption%20of%20high%20purine%20diets%20(high%20protein)%20increases%20the%20risk%20of%20xanthinuria%20in%20patients%20being%20treated%20with%20allopurinol.%20Symptoms%20and%20Types%20Although%20some%20cats%20may%20not%20display%20any%20clinical%20symptoms%20(asymptomatic),%20most%20will%20exhibit%20such%20signs%20as:%20Mustard%20colored%20urine%20Bladder%20stones:%20Frequent%20urination%20(polyuria)%20Difficulty%20urinating%20Bloody%20urine%20(hematuria)%20Stones%20in%20the%20urethra:%20Frequent%20urination%20Difficulty%20urinating%20Bloody%20urine%20Urethra%20may%20be%20blocked%20Kidney%20stones%20(nephroliths):%20Asymptomatic%20Hydronephrosis%20%5Cu2013%20kidney%20is%20swollen%20with%20urine%20due%20to%20a%20blocked%20ureter%20(the%20tube%20leading%20to%20the%20bladder%20from%20the%20kidney)%20Kidney%20disease%20Causes%20Xanthines%20in%20the%20urine%20can%20lead%20to%20formation%20of%20stones%20May%20recur%20in%20cats%20not%20given%20preventative%20therapy%20Excessive%20allopurinol%20medication%20in%20combination%20with%20high%20purine%20diet%20Relation%20to%20urine%20chemistry:%20Acid%20urine%20pH%20Highly%20concentrated%20urine%20Incomplete%20and%20infrequent%20urination%20Diagnosis%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20perform%20a%20thorough%20physical%20exam%20on%20your%20cat,%20taking%20into%20account%20the%20background%20history%20of%20symptoms%20and%20possible%20prior%20conditions%20that%20might%20have%20led%20to%20this%20condition.%20A%20complete%20blood%20profile%20will%20be%20conducted,%20including%20a%20chemical%20blood%20profile,%20a%20complete%20blood%20count,%20a%20urinalysis%20and%20an%20electrolyte%20panel.%20The%20urinalysis%20will%20show%20xanthine%20crystals%20in%20the%20urine%20sediment.%20These%20crystals%20cannot%20be%20distinguished%20by%20light%20microscopy%20alone.%20For%20a%20precise%20diagnosis,%20the%20urine%20should%20be%20sent%20for%20infrared%20spectroscopy,%20which%20can%20be%20used%20to%20differentiate%20xanthine%20uroliths%20(urinary%20tract%20stones)%20from%20other%20types%20of%20uroliths.%20Also,%20high-pressure%20liquid%20chromatography%20of%20urine%20can%20be%20done%20to%20detect%20xanthine,%20hypoxanthine,%20and%20other%20purine%20metabolites.%20Ultrasonography,%20double-contrast%20cystography,%20and%20intravenous%20urography%20are%20some%20additonal%20diagnostic%20tools%20that%20can%20aid%20in%20detecting%20uroliths%20and%20the%20location%20they%20are%20originating%20from.%20Uroliths%20generally%20do%20not%20show%20up%20on%20normal%20X-rays.%20Xanthine%20uroliths%20in%20the%20urethra%20and%20bladder%20stones%20near%20the%20urethra%20may%20be%20detected%20by%20urethrocystoscopy,%20which%20uses%20a%20small%20flexible%20tube%20that%20is%20equipped%20with%20a%20camera%20and%20can%20be%20inserted%20into%20small%20spaces,%20in%20this%20case,%20the%20urethral%20passage.%20Small%20uroliths%20may%20be%20retrieved%20for%20analysis%20by%20removing%20fluid%20using%20a%20transurethral%20catheter,%20or%20using%20a%20method%20called%20voiding%20urohydropulsion.%20This%20latter%20method%20involves%20filling%20the%20bladder%20completely%20while%20the%20patient%20is%20anesthetized,%20and%20then%20emptying%20the%20bladder,%20after%20attempting%20to%20shake%20stones%20into%20the%20urethra,%20so%20that%20the%20stones%20can%20be%20collected.%20Treatment%20Voiding%20urohydropulsion%20is%20effective%20for%20removing%20the%20smaller%20xanthine%20uroliths%20that%20will%20easily%20pass%20through%20the%20urethra,%20but%20surgery%20is%20still%20the%20best%20way%20to%20remove%20larger%20uroliths%20from%20the%20lower%20urinary%20tract.%20Perineal%20urethrostomy%20surgery%20may%20minimize%20recurrent%20urethral%20obstruction%20in%20male%20cats,%20but%20this%20condition%20is%20known%20for%20recurring%20in%20many%20cats%20that%20have%20been%20affected.%20Urine%20pH%20may%20be%20increased%20to%20prevent%20xanthine%20uroliths,%20and%20a%20low-purine%20diet%20may%20be%20fed%20along%20with%20plenty%20of%20water%20to%20increase%20urine%20output.%20Depending%20on%20your%20cat's%20overall%20health%20and%20the%20severity%20of%20this%20condition,%20your%20veterinarian%20may%20also%20recommend%20a%20diet%20that%20is%20designed%20for%20cats%20suffering%20renal%20failure.%20The%20goal%20is%20to%20reduce%20the%20amount%20of%20ingested%20purine,%20along%20with%20reducing%20the%20formation%20of%20acid%20urine,%20in%20addition%20to%20increasing%20the%20amount%20of%20urine%20that%20is%20voided%20from%20the%20bladder%20so%20that%20the%20passages%20remain%20clear%20of%20stone%20forming%20chemicals.%20Living%20and%20Management%20Your%20veterinarian%20will%20schedule%20monthly%20follow-up%20appointments%20for%20your%20cat%20in%20order%20to%20conduct%20urinalysis,%20contrast%20X-rays,%20or%20ultrasonography%20exams.%20Your%20cat's%20treatment%20may%20be%20adjusted%20to%20how%20well%20its%20health%20is%20progressing%20since%20the%20initial%20treatment.%20Xanthine%20uroliths%20often%20recur%20in%20cats.%22%7D){kind=spacer}
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